Impact of Globalisation on Architecture

Impact of Globalisation on Architecture What is meant By the Term Globalisation, and How Does It Have an Impact on the Practice Of Architecture? Introduction In any age of change, debates on conflicting ideologies often dominate discussions. The struggle to adapt often results in shaping the social, political, economic and cultural paradigms. In architectural context and urban designs, much has been argued on the ideology of modernism and traditionalism and, more recently, on globalism and regionalism. These ideologies have been tacitly acknowledged, yet their practices have often been considered non-conforming. To effectively argue for an ideology such as globalism, one needs to take into consideration the consequences and impacts based on prevailing evidence, as well as deliberate on opposing views. In the following discussion, the researcher shall discuss globalization and its impact on architecture with reference to various architectural styles that are considered global and assert that globalization has positively affected architectural styles of the world. Discussion Globalization is an umbrella term that refers to a complex and universal phenomenon that has affected varied dimensions including economics, politics, science, history, geography, environment, culture, management, international relations, and professional practices etc. Depending on the context it is used in, globalization can be defined as the growing interdependence of the world’s people †¦ a process integrating not just the economy but culture, technology, and governance. People everywhere are becoming connected-affected by events in far corners of the world.† United Nations Development Program (1999:1). From this definition, one understands that globalization is not only a phenomenon that is understood and appreciated by Western cultures but it is also fast becoming embedded in other regions of the world. Globalization has a daunting influence over almost all aspects of public and private life (Kiggundu 2002). Consequently, it is not surprising that it has also proliferated to architectural practices as well. To understand the influence of globalization on architecture, one needs to first understand the influence of culture on architecture. According to Lewis (2002), architectural history is filled with movements of opposing cultural and aesthetic diversity, which form the basis for architectural philosophy and design ideology. This is because governments, companies and people of nations around the world are the main sponsors of architectural designs and styles, which they use to symbolize their rule and identity. Thus, the Romans developed the magnificent coliseums and temples with the view to depict their empires grandeur (Lewis 2002). The classical Roman architectural designs points to the hegemony of its people who have been the determinism of hierarchy and values of the Roman culture (Tzonis, Lefaivre and Stagno 2001). Furthermore, one also observes that the classical Roman style of architecture depicts cultural hegemony. This trend of cultural influence over architectural design is not isolated in history. During the 19th and 20th century, to establish their identities in colonies they set up, the French and English had controlled the architectural styles of many regions of the world including China, South East Asia, Africa and America. Monumental designs, which have been developed and set in these regions, speak of their colonial rule and changing policies. Regarding colonial cultural hegemony, Metcalf (1989 qt. Wright ) writes, Administrators hoped that preserving traditional status-hierarchies would buttress their own superimposed colonial order. Architects, in turn, acknowledging that resistance to new forms is often based on affections for familiar places, tried to evoke a sense of continuity with the local past in their designs. (Wright 9) After the two World Wars, economic decline and rise of national universalism led to capitalism. European and American architects, according to Lewis (2002), rebelled against the classicism and demanded a new regime for international designs to be adopted with the new industrial, technological, social and political order; hence, emerged the modernist style. Modernism, according to Ibelings (1998), formed the basis for building, during the post-war era. Modern architecture progressed with faith in reason. It introduced the concept of internationalization in architecture, whereby designs of offices, schools, hospitals and housing have been based on multifunction. This style, however, has been fast replaced by postmodernism in which concepts are set on universally accepted ideologies. The post-modern style has become more dominant, partly because of the deterioration of modernism and partly because modernism could not convey the language of people who inhabited buildings and houses built by modern architects. Buildings are to function as vehicles of ideas and activities within it (Ibelings 1998). They need to reflect the aesthetic and inspiration of the people who live in it. It is during this post-modern era that emerged the concept of universalism to express and accommodate symbols of technological development, national progress, economi c integration and internationalization. As a result, during the late 20th century, a wave of architectural styles emerged that reflected the age of globalization. This international style emerged which had been synonymous with standardization, systemization, mass production, functional logic and economies of scale. The new functional type of architectural design has adopted the global culture of commerce and design. The global architectural style triumphed over the historic classical as it is based on the rationale of universalization. The global architects argue that the stylistic buildings during the modern age surpass its classical, constructivist, modernist and colonial counterparts because it facilitates the vernacular expression and allows regional and aesthetic inspiration to integrate into designs (Umbach and Bernd 2005). The global consumers manifest their expectations and ideologies are influenced by market opportunities, business agendas, standardization, franchises, and brands. Buildings are characterized by skyscrapers, towers, malls and branded buildings. The Petronas Towers, Sears Towers, World Trade Centre, Shanghai World Financial Centre and Canary Wharf, for example, all depict consumerism and universalism. Thus, the global architectural style has come to dominate the global arena. The global architectural style has also come to influence the architectural practice. As architect firms cater to international markets, they expand to profit from far away markets, even though the majority are based in the Western countries. They base their designs on a general framework of globalization and post modernism. They are more influenced by the local cultures. Their designs often reflect both, the local elements and universal designs. Oriental buildings, for example, are often based on Feng Shui principles, even though the monument is based on technological and modern architecture. Similarly, high-rise buildings in the US will have used glass, stainless steel and such metals, which depict the nations industrial past. While the above discussion depicts a positive picture of globalization and its influence on architectural style, there are contenders to it as well. Anti-global forces, such as humanists, claim that globalization has eradicated that which is essentially cultural of a place. By introducing functional, standardization and open space urbanism, cities of the world have replaced their historical skyline with ugly steel and concrete. Furthermore, the efforts to standardize and systemize have eradicated cultural identity that is the essence of a nation or state. Instead, today architectural designs are dominated by political hegemony and economic dominance. Buildings of today, like the Kuala Lumpur International Airport, Dubai Airport and Thai Airports, all seem to belong to one style. Malls across the world, for instance, reflect similar functionality, devoid of humanism or cultural identity. Nevertheless, their argument cannot reason with the fact that global designs have purpose and help in conservation of the environment through effective utilization of spaces. It is this new style that provides habitation spaces without compromising land use (Scarpaci 2005; Umbach and Bernd 2005). Conclusion From the above discussion, it is clear that globalization has positively influenced architectural practices and styles. It reflects the culture of modernization, systemization, standardization and functional logic. It also depicts cultural integration, harmonization of spaces and universal consumerism. No doubt, the classical school of thought considers globalization of architecture as infringement over individuality and cultural identity. Nevertheless, they must contend that globalization has in fact alleviated localization through vernacular designs. The writer contends that globalization has replaced the individual aesthetic and cultural uniqueness. One must also acknowledge the fact that globalization has mass produced architecture that once had been a profession of individualism and unparalleled skills. Yet, globalization has benefited more through creative and functional architectural styles, as compared to the classical buildings that benefits a few group of high elites only. References Ibelings, H. (1998), Supermodernism: Architecture in the Age of Globalization, NAi Publishers. Kiggundu, M. N. (2002), Managing Globalization in Developing Countries and Transition Economies: Building Capacities for a Changing World. Praeger: Westport, CT. Lewis, R. K. (2002), Will Forces of Globalization Overwhelm Traditional Local Architecture? Washington Post. November 2. Metcalf, T. R. (1989), An Imperial Vision: Indian Architecture and Britains Raj. Berkeley/Los Angeles: University of California Press. Scarpaci, J. L. (2005), Plazas and Barrios: Heritage Tourism and Globalization in the Latin American Centro Historico. Tucson: The U of Arizona. Tzonis, A., Lefaivre, L. and Stagno, B. (eds) (2001), Tropical Architecture: Critical Regionalism in the Age of Globalization. Academy Press. Umbach, M. and Bernd, H. (eds.) (2005), Vernacular Modernism: Heimat, Globalization, and the Built Environment. Stanford: Stanford University Press. UNDP. 1999. Human Development Report. 2 Vols. New York: UNDP and Oxford University Press Wright, G. (1991), The Politics of Design in French Colonial Urbanism. Chicago/London: University of Chicago Press.

The Oregon Trails :: Education, Culture

Race, gender, sex, death; these are some topics that are frequent occurrences in literature, history, and present day life. Regardless of the frequency of these subjects instructors are often hesitant to embark upon discussing them during instruction. Despite apprehensions to discuss these controversial topics they shape events and society, and should be incorporated in a student’s education. In fact by not examining these topics students are being done a grave disservice. Exploring these troublesome topics and even questioning why they may not be spoken about or how they influence society cause students to gain vital knowledge and become less ignorant. The Oregon Trails may be considered by some to be a tool to aide students in becoming more knowledgeable on diverse topics. It has been called a â€Å"multiethnic† interactive computer game that allows students to travel along the trail and gain insight on the life of a person traveling to the Oregon Territory (Bigelow, 2009, p. 317). This game has been put on a pedestal by critics and has been awarded five stars by the Pride’s Guide to Educational Software for being â€Å"a wholesome, absorbing historical simulation† (Bigelow, 2009, p. 317). The outstanding critiques of this software creates an appealing route for many teachers to take in order to incorporate an engaging activity that abides by state and school curriculum standards. However what the critics do not inform teachers is this educational game is in reality spoon feeding students a dishonest account of history. The game takes on the white males view and neglects to account for gender and cultural bias es that occur during this time period (Bigelow, 2009, p.319). By not pointing out the societal issues that occurred during this time period, students are really being done a disservice. There is no reason why instructors have to keep the fact that racism against minority groups and gender groups occurred, and still do. As Bigelow (2009) stated, â€Å"Just as we would not invite a stranger into our classrooms and then leave the room, teachers need to become aware of the political perspectives of CD-ROMs and need to equip students to â€Å"read† them critically†(p. 318). Instructors should point out the data deceptions within The Oregon Trails to aide students in gaining a stronger sociological eye to examine historical accounts and society as a whole. Teachers should have students approach the game and question why social groups are missing from the game, why they are perceived the way they, are and how these social groups may influence society or change the game. The Oregon Trails :: Education, Culture Race, gender, sex, death; these are some topics that are frequent occurrences in literature, history, and present day life. Regardless of the frequency of these subjects instructors are often hesitant to embark upon discussing them during instruction. Despite apprehensions to discuss these controversial topics they shape events and society, and should be incorporated in a student’s education. In fact by not examining these topics students are being done a grave disservice. Exploring these troublesome topics and even questioning why they may not be spoken about or how they influence society cause students to gain vital knowledge and become less ignorant. The Oregon Trails may be considered by some to be a tool to aide students in becoming more knowledgeable on diverse topics. It has been called a â€Å"multiethnic† interactive computer game that allows students to travel along the trail and gain insight on the life of a person traveling to the Oregon Territory (Bigelow, 2009, p. 317). This game has been put on a pedestal by critics and has been awarded five stars by the Pride’s Guide to Educational Software for being â€Å"a wholesome, absorbing historical simulation† (Bigelow, 2009, p. 317). The outstanding critiques of this software creates an appealing route for many teachers to take in order to incorporate an engaging activity that abides by state and school curriculum standards. However what the critics do not inform teachers is this educational game is in reality spoon feeding students a dishonest account of history. The game takes on the white males view and neglects to account for gender and cultural bias es that occur during this time period (Bigelow, 2009, p.319). By not pointing out the societal issues that occurred during this time period, students are really being done a disservice. There is no reason why instructors have to keep the fact that racism against minority groups and gender groups occurred, and still do. As Bigelow (2009) stated, â€Å"Just as we would not invite a stranger into our classrooms and then leave the room, teachers need to become aware of the political perspectives of CD-ROMs and need to equip students to â€Å"read† them critically†(p. 318). Instructors should point out the data deceptions within The Oregon Trails to aide students in gaining a stronger sociological eye to examine historical accounts and society as a whole. Teachers should have students approach the game and question why social groups are missing from the game, why they are perceived the way they, are and how these social groups may influence society or change the game.

Geographic coordinate system, Essay

Sextant- allowed users to determine their latitude to within a sea mile or two The gnomon or sun-shadow disk- operated like a sundial, enabling the user to determine his latitude by the length of the sun’s shadow cast on a disk floating level in water. The Arabian kamal- a rectangular plate that one moved closer or farther from one’s face until the distance between the North star and the horizon exactly corresponded to the plate’s upper and lower edges. The distance the plate lay away from the face—measured by a string tied to the center of the plate and held at the other end to the tip of the nose—determined the latitude. cross staff Tools used to measure longitude (Lesson 02.01) (use the first resource in this lesson to help you) Be able to list and describe the 2 main tools used to measure longitude in early navigation the chronometer- the sextant to figure longitude using the lunar-distance method Current Navigation Tools (Lesson 02.01) What tool do we currently use to determine location (latitude and longitude)? The Global Positioning System, Longitude and Latitude (Lesson 02.01) Know the ways that longitude and latitude run (N to S or E to W) and what they measure Longitude E to W – know how far east or west they were of the Prime Meridian Latidude N to S – how far north or south they were from the equator What are longitude and latitude measured in? they measure in degrees Challenger Expedition (Lesson 02.02)—Best resource link to use = â€Å"Account of the Voyage of the Challenger† Besides conducting sampling of the waters on its journey, what were the main findings from the Challenger voyage? found many new species, and provided collections for scores of biologists. What tool was used to do measure the depths of the ocean? The Challenger was equipped with 144 miles of sounding rope What are the 2 pieces of equipment used to collect bottom samples on the Challenger? At left is a shallow-water dredge, whereas a deep-sea trawl is shown at right. What was a newly invented piece of equipment used on the Challenger ship to get water samples called? Buchanan Water Sampler In which zone of the rocky shore would you most likely find only grasses and patches of lichens? splash zone What type of animal uses the rocky shore for their ‘feeding’ grounds? white-tailed deer in the winter What is the name of a plant-like species found in rocky shores? seaweed What is the special adaptation of these organisms found in the rocky shore ecosystem?—to do this, match up the following (Match the organism with its adaptation) Cky shore and tidal pools—what kinds of adaptations do they have that enable them to survive the pounding waves while staying in place, tidal changes (periods of time covered with water or periods of time with no water), sunlight exposure, evaporation of water that may leave concentrated salts behind, blending in to avoid predators What are the physical changes that occur in the rocky shore (3 main ones—think tides, salt content, and wave action)? Rock pools flat area of rock, back part forms a cliff where the front part is flat and in the water, formed by waves, wind, and rain Platform sloping shoreline where group of large rocks found on calm shorelines Boulder fields?depression left from a boulder grinding into a rock that hold water Crustaceans (Lessons 02.05 and 02.04) What 3 special adaptations do crustaceans have that allow them to survive in the rocky shore ecosystem? What characteristics do all crustaceans share (need to be specific) What is the best characteristic to help you identify a crustacean? What are the 3 main example types of crustaceans? Referenses: Baker, K. B., and S. Wing. â€Å"A new magnetic coordinate system for conjugate studies at high latitudes.† Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 94.A7 (1989): 9139-9143. Dabek, Frank, et al. â€Å"Vivaldi: A decentralized network coordinate system.† ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review. Vol. 34. No. 4. ACM, 2004. Gustafsson, G., N. E. Papitashvili, and V. O. Papitashvili. â€Å"A revised corrected geomagnetic coordinate system for Epochs 1985 and 1990.† Journal of atmospheric and terrestrial physics 54.11-12 (1992): 1609-1631. Priyantha, Nissanka B., et al. â€Å"Anchor-free distributed localization in sensor networks.† Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems. ACM, 2003. Goodchild, Michael F. â€Å"Citizens as sensors: the world of volunteered geography.† GeoJournal 69.4 (2007): 211-221.

What Role Did the “Civilizing Mission” Play in the...

What role did the â€Å"civilizing mission† play in the expansion of Britain’s empire in the 19th century? At the close of the 19th century Rudyard Kipling preserved the prevailing attitude of Britain’s intellectual elite in a poem - â€Å"The White Man’s Burden†. In his work Kipling confirms the hubris of a generation of Britons who were entirely convinced that they were culturally, rationally, and morally superior to the â€Å"new-caught†¦Half-devil and half-child† natives of the British colonies. This belief in the superiority of western values manifested in the flight of thousands of philanthropically minded Victorians across the British Empire. These emigrants consisted of a section of society driven to do their duty and fulfil the â€Å"national†¦show more content†¦Enrolment in Trinidads schools climbed from 2,836 in 1868 to 19,855 in 1890† and from 1868,  £20,300 a year was being spent on promoting Christianity in the West Indies. (Patterson Smith, 1995: 260/264) This increased effort was due to the realisation that religion could be used as a â€Å"tool of social order† and social order was essential if any profit was to be made through trade. For only if the â€Å"very large bodies of dark labourers could be induced to work willingly under a few European supervisors†Ã¢â‚¬  was trade possible. (The Economist 23 (December 1865): 1487-89, cited in Patterson Smith, 1995: 259) It is clear then that a key role of the â€Å"civilizing mission† was to aid British expansion by ensuring the co-operation of the empire’s indigenous people. However, some would argue that the main role the â€Å"civilizing mission† played in aiding expansion was to ensure politicians had the necessary domestic support for imperialism. Evidence for this comes in the form of a speech made by the colonial secretary, Joseph Chamberlain. In 1895 Chamberlain admitted that crown colonies were â€Å"no longer a source of revenue† but argued that there was a justifiable reason for occupation. His words were that: â€Å"In carrying out this work of civilization we are fulfilling what I believe to be our national mission, and we are finding scope for the exercise of these faculties and qualities which have made of us a great governing race.† (Chamberlain, 1895) It is arguable thatShow MoreRelatedOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesAutotown, U.S.A. Van Gosse and Richard Moser, eds., The World the Sixties Made: Politics and Culture in Recent America Joanne Meyerowitz, ed., History and September 11th John McMillian and Paul Buhle, eds., The New Left Revisited David M. Scobey, Empire City: The Making and Meaning of the New York City Landscape Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A Political Autobiography Allida M. Black, ed., Modern American Queer History Eric Sandweiss, St. Louis: The Evolution of an American Urban Landscape Sam Wineburg

The Reform Of The Western Church - 888 Words

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Europe’s people were polarized between trusting the church as they had for centur ies and mourning their growing lack of trust as the church’s immorality spread. Byzantine thinkers and scholars had flooded Western Europe after Constantinople’s fall, alerting the Western church to just how far their religious scholarship had strayed from the original texts. The Greek language resurged and questions of theological â€Å"rightness† surfaced; a movement to return to study of scripture emerged (Gonzà ¡lez, 9). Ancient disciplines of science and reason also re-emerged, alongside the development of theShow MoreRelatedPeter I ( The Great ) Became Tsar Of Russia1169 Words   |  5 Pagescomprehensive reforms designed to modernize and develop Russia during his reign. In The Revolution of Peter the Great, James Cracraft’s portrays the Tsar as an ambitious and pivotal leader that sought to create a modern and powerful nation that could compete with other European Powers. 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Essay on The Canterbury Tales - 474 Words

The Canterbury Tales 3. The rioters in The Pardoners Tale set our to kill Death because they are afraid to die themselves. They assumed if they killed Death, they wouldnt have to die and also they would live in dignity because they have killed Gods adversary. They believed a reward would be at hand given by God to satisfy their lust for their personal desires from others. Also in their drunken rage, liquor had affected their judgment and behavior, and now they believe being haughty and brave in the eyes of the public will spare them from death. 4. The character of the old man is included in The Pardoners Tale because Death is usually represented by the old and the weak. The old man was like a guardian of Mother Earth heaven†¦show more content†¦5. No, I do not think the Pardoners story will encourage pilgrims to buy indulgences because lust and desires are sins in the Christian world. If a desire is satisfied, more desires will come. Man is a being with unlimited desires. The unfortunate part is man lives in a world with limited resources. Mother Earth can only produce so much, and man cannot live out all of their desires. To live a life with indulgence will mean to take things from others, so the others will not be able to survive without security. The emotion of greed and anger created will take place and create havoc. Man also has another flaw; they cannot survive without security. The creation of havoc is the affects of sin. Pilgrims will not do anything to the account of having sinned themselves because of the effects; therefore, will not buy indulgences. 6. I would describe the narrators values as being straightforward, realistic, and fair because he portrays man as being lustful and desirous. Man is desirous because he wants the security that he will survive in the world. Man desires to security by wanting more than his necessities. 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Role of IMC in Marketing & Business Strategy-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Role of IMC in Marketing Business Strategy. Answer: Introduction Nowadays, increasing competition has emerged as the biggest issue for companies operating in any market. Furthermore, organizations are investing a huge amount of resources in activities such as marketing and promotion to attract more and more customers. Issue such as increasing competition has also resulted in raising the use of concepts such as integrated marketing communications (IMC) (Belch, Belch, Kerr, Powell, 2014). The present report highlights definition and overview of integrated marketing communication. In addition to this, the role of IMC in marketing and business strategy of companies is also mentioned in this research. The overview of IMC Integrated marketing communication can be defined as the process in which different forms of messages and communications channels are incorporated together as per the need and requirement of a company. Integrated marketing communication has become important because it provides harmony to the promotional tools. In addition to this, IMC is beneficial as it supports in lowering the overall marketing cost by encouraging the best and most effective utilization of available resources of a business enterprise(Blakeman, 2014). However, it can be critically argued that developing IMC is not an easy task as there are wide ranges of factors which need to be taken care. At the time of formulating IMC plan, it is required by companies to compare their products and services with that of other market players, carry out SWOT analysis, include a detailed summary of overall marketing plan, etc. Apart from this, the channels of communications and target audience needs to be well defined to develop a re sult oriented integrated marketing communication plan(Ewing Ramaseshan, 2015). Theory According to AIDAS theory of marketing communication, organizations are required to emphasize on five major stages. First of all, businesses need to get attention from their target audience. In the second stage, companies need to provide relevant information about their products and services to create interest of the target customers. In the third stage, companies need to evaluate whether sound interest in the product has been developed within potential buyers or not(Percy, 2014). After this, they are required to develop effective marketing strategies which can result in developing a desire for products/services within the mind of customers. In the fourth stage, businesses focus on encouraging demand of products/services within their customers. The last stage consists of satisfaction where the demand of customer gets satisfied by the utilization of product and service delivered. How IMC is utilized by Australian companies Integrated marketing communication provides best possible support to the business, and in turn, desired goals can be accomplished efficiently. Further, it is well-known fact that ultimate objective of every business is to accomplish its desired objectives. Companies operating in Australia such as ExxonMobil and Toyota Motor Corporation have utilized integrated marketing communication in an effective manner where advertising along with direct marketing tools have been employed for communicating with customers(Schultz, Patti, Kitchen, 2013). Both the companies share information with the help of social media, television and print form of advertising. This has allowed in enhancing customer base and share relevant information which customers require at the time of purchasing products. Further, these communication strategies have provided a base to deal with the challenges present in the business environment such as competition, legal, an environmental and another form of barriers. In sho rt, both the companies have utilized integrated marketing communication with the help of tools such as advertising, direct marketing to make direct contact with the target market. Role of IMC in marketing and business strategy Integrated Marketing communication plays a very important role in enhancing the marketing and business strategy of the organizations such as ExxonMobil and Toyota Motors. It assists companies in defining the target market and selects the most effective channels of communication to carry out marketing of services and products. In business strategy, IMC plays a significant role by providing information about the strategies and products of the other market players(Vernuccio Ceccotti, 2015). It supports companies to carry out changes in existing business plans, marketing tactics, and products offered to stay competitive in the market. IMC assist in carrying out appropriate market segmentation and then encourages companies like ExxonMobil and Toyota Motors to make use of different suitable channels to attract target customers. Conclusion Based on the above carried out study, it can be concluded that IMC is essential for enhancing marketing and business strategies of companies. Furthermore, it results in attracting target customers and also plays very important role in making a brand competitive in the marketplace. According to the theory of marketing communication, there are five major stages through which a company goes to attract customers and achieve its marketing objectives. References Books and Journals Belch, G. E., Belch, M. A., Kerr, G. F., Powell, I. (2014). Advertising: An integrated marketing communication perspective. New York: McGraw-Hill Education. Blakeman, R. (2014). Integrated marketing communication: creative strategy from idea to implementation. Maryland: Rowman Littlefield. Ewing, M. T., Ramaseshan, B. (2015). Integrated marketing communications: Conflicts of interest, politics and performance. Berlin: Springer. Percy, L. (2014). Strategic integrated marketing communications. Abingdon: Routledge. Schultz, D., Patti, C. H., Kitchen, P. J. (2013). The evolution of integrated marketing communications: The customer-driven marketplace. Abingdon: Routledge. Vernuccio, M., Ceccotti, F. (2015). Strategic and organisational challenges in the integrated marketing communication paradigm shift: A holistic vision. European Management Journal , 438-449.